Jambura Equilibrium Journal Jambura Equilibrium Journal is a peer-reviewed journal published by Department of Economic Development, Economic Faculty, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo twice a year in January and July. The objective of this journal is to provide a venue for academicians, researchers and practitioners in publishing research articles. The scope of the articles published in this journal deal with broad range of topics, including Economic Development, Regional Development Planning, Public Finance, Economic of Small and Medium Enterprises, Financial and Monetary Policy, Project Evaluation, and Modelling and Econometrics. P-ISSN (2655-9110) E-ISSN (2656-0445) ACCREDITED by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, No 230/E/KPT/2020, December 30, 2022. Validity period of accreditation from volume 4 number 2 year 2022 to volume 9 number 1 year 2027
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ESG Reputation Risk under Climate Risk and Global Uncertainty in ASEAN Manufacturing
As the manufacturing sector expands, it faces growing scrutiny regarding its sustainability practices, with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reputation risk becoming an increasingly critical concern. This study investigates the relationship between climate risk, global uncertainty, and ESG-related reputational risk, using 465 observations from manufacturing companies listed in ASEAN countries between 2021 and 2023. Regression analysis indicates that climate risk has a positive effect on the Reputation Risk Index (RRI). This suggests that firms in regions with greater climate vulnerability are more exposed to ESG reputational challenges. Similarly, global uncertainty is positively and statistically significantly associated with RRI, implying that unpredictable policy and economic conditions can exacerbate reputational risks. These findings underscore the importance of integrating ESG considerations into corporate risk management, particularly in emerging economies with pronounced environmental and institutional risks. Firms are urged to strategically allocate resources toward sustainability initiatives to safeguard their reputation and operational resilience. Additionally, policymakers are encouraged to establish supportive regulatory environments that foster corporate transparency, ESG accountability, and adaptive capacity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajar Meiyanti, Desi Adhariani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement on Trade in Environmental Goods
The World Trade Organisation’s Trade Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA) is designed to streamline cross-border trade by reducing administrative delays and costs through improved border procedures. Despite this goal, TFA's specific influence on the trade of environmental goods has not yet been empirically investigated. Therefore, this study fills the gap by using panel data from 2017 to 2021 and applying random-effect estimation to investigate the relationship between TFA and trade of environmental goods in developing and least-developed countries. The outcome indicates that there is no evidence the TFA impacts the trade of environmental goods. The result is robust across alternative estimation methods, subsample analysis, and the use of different standard errors. One possible explanation is that TFA implementation may not be sufficiently targeted towards environmental goods, or the commitment under the TFA does not accurately capture actual implementation. In contrast, control variables such as GDP, population, and industrialisation level significantly impact the trade of environmental goods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nori Ayufi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Institutional Evaluation of the Indonesian Ombudsman Towards Effective, Inclusive, and Modern Public Service Oversight
Quality of public services are the central pillar of creating good governance. In practice, problems such as maladministration, abuse of authority, corruption, and low transparency and accountability are still challenges in implementing public services. The Indonesian Ombudsman is the institution that has a strategic role in supervising public services in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the Ombudsman in overseeing public service delivery in Indonesia faces numerous challenges, rendering its role less than optimal. This study aims to 1) analyze the effectiveness of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia in supervising public services; 2) analyze the current Ombudsman institution based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats; and 3) formulate strategies and improve the effectiveness of Ombudsman supervision in the context of more effective, inclusive and modern public services. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-exploratory design based on literature studies and the analysis SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) method. The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to carry out institutional reform of the Ombudsman, which includes the fulfillment of human resource support. The Ombudsman also needs to transform into a more modern institution that does not only act reactively to reports/complaints from the public that come to the Ombudsman but is also proactive in designing policies and recommendations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Setyo Pambudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural Transformation and the Kuznets Hypothesis: Evidence from ASEAN Countries
According to the Kuznets hypothesis, economic development initially leads to higher income inequality, which then tends to decline as structural transformation and factor mobility increase. This dynamic remains particularly relevant for emerging ASEAN economies that are currently undergoing rapid structural changes in their production and employment structures. This study aims to analyze the relationship between economic greenness, economic sector structure, and income inequality in ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. The data used is time series data, with the period adjusted based on the availability of each country. The analysis method used is descriptive analysis and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results show that Kuznets hypothesis is proven in Indonesia and Singapore. In addition, service sector share has a positive and significant influence on income inequality (Gini ratio) in Indonesia in the long run. However, the growing share of the service sector tends to raise inequality in Indonesia, suggesting that structural transformation which is not inclusively directed may widen income gaps despite economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eunike Novelia Sembiring, Fahmi Salam Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0