Beyond Litigation: Enhancing Patient Rights and Medical Dispute Settlement in Indonesia through Australian and Singaporean Models

Erikson Sihotang, Teng Berlianty, Riad Al Ajlani

Abstract


Medical dispute resolution in Indonesia remains a significant challenge, particularly regarding the effectiveness of legal mechanisms for both patients and medical professionals. In practice, medical disputes in Indonesia often involve lengthy and complex litigation, as alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has not been fully optimized. This study compares Indonesia’s system with those of Australia and Singapore to identify strengths, weaknesses, and potential improvements for Indonesia's legal framework. It employs a normative juridical method and comparative legal analysis, drawing data from legislation and legal literature on medical dispute resolution. The study examines regulations, dispute resolution mechanisms, and legal protections for patients and medical professionals in the three countries. The findings indicate that Australia and Singapore rely more on mediation and reconciliation, which provide faster and more effective resolutions. Meanwhile, Indonesia still depends on litigation, which is often slow and inefficient. To improve medical dispute resolution in Indonesia, strengthening ADR mechanisms by adopting best practices from Australia and Singapore is essential. This would help establish a fairer, more efficient system that better protects both patients and medical professionals.

Keywords


Medical Dispute Resolution; Liability; Hospital; Patient;

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abbing, Henriette D C Roscam. “Age Determination of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Minors in the European Union: A Health Law Perspective.” European Journal of Health Law 18, no. 1 (2011): 11–25.

Abidin, Mustabsyir, and Ashabul Kahpi. “Penerapan Batas-Batas Wanprestasi Dan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Dalam Suatu Perikatan.” Alauddin Law Development Journal 3, no. 2 (2021): 250–64.

Adrian, A Hans Tayeb, Mira Nila Kusuma Dewi, and Nur Wahyu Hidayat. “Rekonstruksi Teori Hukum Dalam Masyarakat Modern.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Keluarga Islam 2, no. 3 (2025): 157–66.

Alexander, Nadja. “Mediation and Appropriate Dispute Resolution.” Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases, 2022, 670–709.

Ali, Zainuddin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Sinar Grafika, 2021.

Amallia, Sabrina Difa, Guritno Adi Nugroho, and Adelina Damayanti Anggarini. “Akibat Hukum Dokter Malapraktik Dan Keluarga Pasien Yang Membiarkan Keluarganya Ditangani Oleh Dokter Tanpa SIP.” Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal (MICJO) 1, no. 2 (2024): 1020–26.

Anggraeni, Happy Yulia, Praniko Imam Sagita, Fane Virginia Yusmana, Muhamad Reza, Sultan Sehafudin, and Willy Johan. “Penerapan ADR Dan Potensi Arbitrase Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Di Indonesia.” AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Humanis 5, no. 1 (2025): 500–514.

Anwar, Arman. “Tanggung Gugat Resiko Dalam Aspek Hukum Kesehatan.” Sasi 23, no. 2 (2018): 149–60.

Astuti, Endang Kusuma. “Tanggung Gugat Dokter Dan Rumah Sakit Kepada Pasien Pada Kegagalan Pelayanan Medis Di Rumah Sakit.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 40, no. 2 (2011): 164–71.

Atmadja, Arifin P. Soeria. Mekanisme Pertanggungjawaban Keuangan Negara : Suatu Tinjauan Yuridis. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2010.

Baiquni, Muhammad Iqbal. “Arbitrators as a Legal Profession in the Alternative Role of Dispute Resolution in Indonesia.” Jurnal Humaya: Jurnal Hukum, Humaniora, Masyarakat, Dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (2022): 12–20.

Budhiarta, I Nyoman Putu, and I Dewa Atmadja. Teori Hukum. Malang: Setara Press, 2018.

Cahyani, Mustika Bagus, Lutfiah Dwi Amanda Syafanny, Kusnul Aula Mukharama, and Diah Wijayanti Sutha. “Tinjauan Literatur: Peran Rekam Medis Berbasis Elektronik Terhadap Pelayanan Kesehatan.” Jurnal Manajemen Informasi Kesehatan Indonesia 12, no. 2 (2024).

Chaeria, Yaumil, Dachran Busthami, and Hardianto Djanggih. “Implikasi Kedudukan Tenaga Medis (Informed Consen) Terhadap Pertanggungjawaban Rumah Sakit.” Petitum 8, no. 1 April (2020): 1–19.

Dananjaya, A A Ngr Dwi, Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi, and Luh Putu Suryani. “Sanksi Malpraktik Dan Resiko Medik Yang Dilakukan Oleh Dokter.” Jurnal Analogi Hukum 1, no. 1 (2019): 6–10.

Donkers, Joanne M, Reinout L P Roscam Abbing, and Stan F J Van de Graaf. “Developments in Bile Salt Based Therapies: A Critical Overview.” Biochemical Pharmacology 161 (2019): 1–13.

Egan, Dominique. “Workplace Relations: Complaints against Medical Practitioners.” The NSW Doctor 14, no. 6 (2022): 16–17.

Ferli Razak, Weny Almoravid Dungga, and Julius T. Mandjo, “Non-Litigation Resolution of Business Use Rights Disputes Between PT. Lebuni and Shareholders,” Damhil Law Journal 2, no. 2 (2022): 102–104.

Hafizah, Hildayastie, and Surastini Fitriasih. “Urgensi Penyelesaian Dugaan Kesalahan Medis Melalui Restorative Justice.” Jurnal Usm Law Review 5, no. 1 (2022): 205–23.

Handayani, Tri. “Pertanggungjawaban Dokter Dan Model Penyelesaian Perkara Malpraktik Medik Di Indonesia.” Mizan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9, no. 1 (2020): 74–78.

Hariadi, Wahyu, and Teguh Anindito. “Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Law in Indonesia.” Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha 8, no. 3 (2020): 172–80.

Hasbi, Yusrizal, Ferdy Saputra, and Hadi Iskandar. Filsafat Hukum. Detak Pustaka, 2025.

Herliana Herliana, “Maqasid al-Sharia in Court-Mediation Reform: A Study on Efficiency and Social Justice in Medical Disputes,” De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah 15, no. 2 (2023): 214–29.

Huda, Khoiril, and Ridwan Arifin. “Human Rights in Indonesia: Between Protection, Fulfillment, and Law Enforcement.” Lex Scientia Law Review 2, no. 2 (2018).

Ibrahim, Dimas Noor. “Tanggung Jawab Hukum Rumah Sakit Terhadap Dokter Dalam Perjanjian Medis Di Indonesia (Studi: Rumah Sakit Siaga Raya).” Jurnal Ilmiah Publika 10, no. 2 (2022): 275–88.

Indar, H. Perspektif Hukum Sistem Informasi Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2023.

Jauhani, Muhammad Afiful. Kepastian Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Medik Non Litigasi. CV Eureka Media Aksara, 2025.

Kurniati, Anna, and Ferrey Efendi. Kajian SDM Kesehatan Di Indonesia. Bandung: Cendekia Press, 2022.

Kurniawati, Saadah, and Fahmi Fahmi. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Berdasarkan Hukum Indonesia.” INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research 3, no. 2 (2023): 12234–44.

Lee, Ching-Yi, Hung-Yi Lai, Ching-Hsin Lee, and Mi-Mi Chen. “Medical Dispute Cases Caused by Errors in Clinical Reasoning: An Investigation and Analysis.” In Healthcare, 10:2224. MDPI, 2022.

Lim, Lee Theng, Wanlin Chen, Thomas Wing Kit Lew, Jackie Mui Siok Tan, Seow Kiak Chang, Daryl Zhang Wei Lee, and Thomas Swee Guan Chee. “Medico-Legal Dispute Resolution: Experience of a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Singapore.” Plos One 17, no. 10 (2022): e0276124.

Linu, Novita Bernadeth Serena, Y Maarthen, and Caecilia Johanna Julietta Waha. “Kewenangan Majelis Kehormatan Disiplin Kedokteran Indonesia (MKDKI) Dalam Penanganan Sengketa Medis Dokter Dan Pasien.” LEX PRIVATUM 15, no. 2 (2025).

Loke, Peter. “Mediation in Doctor-Patient Dispute Resolution.” Singapore Medical Association Medical News, 2013, 14–15.

Martini, Dwi, Hayyanul Haq, and Budi Sutrisno. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pengetahuan Obat-Obatan Tradisional Dalam Rezim Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI) Indonesia (Studi Pada Masyarakat Tradisional Sasak).” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 6, no. 1 (2017): 67–90.

Millbank, Jenni. “Reinstatement of Previously Deregistered Health Professionals in Australia: Legal Determinations of Risk, Patient Safety, and Public Interest.” Federal Law Review 51, no. 1 (2023): 3–30.

Noone, Mary Anne, and Lola Akin Ojelabi. “Alternative Dispute Resolution and Access to Justice in Australia.” International Journal of Law in Context 16, no. 2 (2020): 108–27.

Nuraini, Hanifah, Dauri Dauri, and Ricco Andreas. “PARADIGMA INTERPRETIF KONSEP PENYALAHGUNAAN KEADAAN (MISBRUIK VAN OMSTANDIGHEDEN) PADA PERJANJIAN KREDIT PERBANKAN.” Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 2 (2020): 259–80.

Nurlani, Meirina. “Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Dalam Sengketa Bisnis Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kepastian Hukum Dan Keadilan 3, no. 1 (2022): 27–32.

Nurul Ummah, Fifik Wiryani, and Mokhammad Najih, “Mediasi Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Medik Dokter Dengan Pasien (Analisis Putusan PN No. 38/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Bna Dan Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 1550 K/Pdt/2016),” Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 27, no. 2 (2019): 205–21.

Paramitha, Amelia Ayu. Hukum Administrasi Negara. Banten: Sada Kurnia Pustaka, 2024.

Parengkuan, Harumi Ram Tatiana, M Fadlan Izyan, Naswan Nail, and Moulyta Elgi Trinanda. “Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Efektivitas Mediasi Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Berdasarkan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2016.” Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Ilmu Sosial 5, no. 1 (2026): 62–78.

Pramesuari, Florentina Dewi. “Analisis Kebijakan Negara Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis.” Jurnal Hukum Dan HAM Wara Sains 3, no. 01 (2024): 1–8.

Prayuti, Yuyut, Arman Lany, Davin Takaryanto, Angkasa Ramatuan Hamdan, Beni Ciptawan, and Enggar Adi Nugroho. “Efektivitas Mediasi Dan Arbitrase Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Kesehatan.” Syntax Idea 6, no. 3 (2024): 1533–44.

Putra, Jevon Agustinus Dwi, M Nasser, and Edwin Edwin. “Tanggung Jawab Hukum Pimpinan Rumah Sakit Pada Penyelesaian Sengketa Medik Secara Non Litigasi Di Rumah Sakit.” JURNAL SYNTAX IMPERATIF: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan 5, no. 4 (2024): 830–37.

Rayyan, Rayga, and Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar. “Kepastian Hukum Dalam Penerapan Teknologi Kesehatan: Perlindungan Data Pasien Dan Malpraktik.” Politika Progresif: Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Humaniora 2, no. 1 (2025): 1–11.

Rizal, Mochamad, and Rizki Maulana Ahzar. “Restorative Justice Dalam Penanganan Sengketa Medis Pasca Berlakunya KUHP Baru.” Jurnal Hukum Perdata Dan Bisnis 1, no. 2 (2026): 46–52.

Safitri, Dwi Nurul. “IMPLEMENTASI PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PASIEN PADA PELAYANAN KESEHATAN OLEH TENAGA MEDIS BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO 36 TAHUN 2014 DI RUMAH SAKIT TONDANO.” LEX PRIVATUM 15, no. 2 (2025).

Sari, Istiana. “Alternative Dispute Resolution In Medical Dispute Resolution: Initiating The Establishment Of An Alternative Medical Dispute Resolution Institution In Indonesia.” Fox Justi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 15, no. 02 (2025): 392–408.

Sari, Istiana, and Prasetyo Edi. Transformasi Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Di Indonesia. CV Eureka Media Aksara, 2026.

Sauni, Herawan, Putra Perdana Ahmad Saifulloh, Sonia Ivana Barus, Akhmad Akhmad, and Asrul Ibrahim Nur. “Right to Information and Anti-SLAPP on Consumer Protection in Indonesia.” Sriwijaya Law Review, 2026, 200–222.

Selyawati, Ni Putu, and Maharani Chandra Dewi. “Implementation of Universal Human Rights Values Based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesia.” Lex Scientia Law Review 1, no. 1 (2017): 41–56.

Septianda, M Ferdi, Deni Kurniawan, and Ella Afnira. “Smart People Dan Smart Living: Membangun Sumber Daya Manusia Unggul Dalam Optimalisasi Smart City Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kebijakan Pembangunan 19, no. 2 (2024): 189–204.

Shientiarizki, Amy, Adrian Maleakhi Husada, Kristopher May Pamudji, I Made Bayu Sanjaya, and Wahyu Safarina. “Analisis Konsep Sengketa Medis Dan Penerapan Komunikasi Medis Yang Tepat Untuk Mencegah Terjadinya Konflik Hukum Dan Etik Di Indonesia.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 4, no. 3 (2026): 2856–71.

Siregar, Rospita Adelina. “Transformasi Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis: Sebuah Paradigma Baru Dalam Hukum Kesehatan Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia (JHMJ) 11, no. 1 (2025): 52–64.

Sitohang, Erikkson. “Prinsip Hukum Dalam Tata Kelola Rumah Sakit.” Yuridika 29, no. 1 (2014): 83–99.

Situmorang, Risma. Menyongsong Pembentukan Pengadilan Medis Di Indonesia. Bandung: Cendekia Press, 2022.

Slamet, Sri Redjeki. “Tuntutan Ganti Rugi Dalam Perbuatan Melawan Hukum: Suatu Perbandingan Dengan Wanprestasi.” Lex Jurnalica 10, no. 2 (2013): 18068.

Sukriono, Didik, Sudirman Sudirman, Desinta Dwi Rapita, A Rosyid Al Atok, and Alfan Bramantya. “Local Wisdom as Legal Dispute Settlement: How Indonesia’s Communities Acknowledge Alternative Dispute Resolution?” Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 33, no. 1 (2025): 261–85.

Sulistyani, Venny, and Zulhasmar Syamsu. “Pertanggungjawaban Perdata Seorang Dokter Dalam Kasus Malpraktek Medis.” Lex Jurnalica 12, no. 2 (2015): 147455.

Sylvana, Budi. “Tanggung Jawab Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Penyelenggaraan Kedaruratan Pra-Hospital Melalui Public DSafety Center (PSC) 119 Untuk Peningkatan Layanan Kesehatan Di Indonesia.” Aktualita Jurnal Hukum 3, no. 1 (2020): 547–64.

Tianlu, Y I N, L I U Zhaojie, and X U Yanli. “Analysis of Crisis Management of Medical Disputes in China and Australia: A Narrative Review Article.” Iranian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 12 (2019): 2116.

Triadi, Irwan. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Kesehatan Dengan Metode Non Litigasi, Mediasi, Arbitrase Dan Alternatif Lainnya.” Journal of Law Perspectives Review 1, no. 1 (2025): 43–52.

Twahir, Majid. “Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Healthcare.” JADR & Sustainability 1, no. 2 (2024): 1–23.

Wahyudi, Rizki, Natasya Yunita Sugiastuti, and Reza Kautsar Kusumahpraja. “Restorative Justice in Civil Disputes: A Progressive Approach to Civil Law.” International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) 8, no. 2 (2026): 1394–1400.

Wahyudi, Setya. “Tanggung Jawab Rumah Sakit Terhadap Kerugian Akibat Kelalaian Tenaga Kesehatan Dan Implikasinya.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 11, no. 3 (2011): 505–21.

Wahyuni, Sri, Kamal Hidjaz, and Sahban Sahban. “Tanggung Jawab Hukum Keperdataan Dokter Terhadap Pasien.” Journal of Lex Generalis (JLG) 2, no. 8 (2021): 1970–82.

Walsh, Jill, Sharon Downie, Eric Windholz, Andrea Kirk-Brown, and Terry P Haines. “Clinical Innovation and Scope of Practice Regulation: A Case Study of the Charlie Teo Decision.” Australian Health Review 48, no. 1 (2023): 91–94.

Walton, Merrilyn, Patrick J Kelly, E Mary Chiarella, and Terry Carney. “Management and Outcomes of Health Practitioner Complaints in Australia: A Comparison of the National and New South Wales Systems.” Australian Health Review 44, no. 2 (2020): 180–89.

Widjaja, Gunawan. “Optimalisasi Mediasi Dan Arbitrase Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Antara Tenaga Medis Dan Pasien Berdasarkan UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kesehatan.” JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY DEDICATION 4, no. 4 (2025): 122–36.

———. “Peningkatan Efektivitas Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Melalui Alternatif Non-Litigasi (Mediasi Dan Arbitrase) Pasca Penerapan Uu No. 17 Tahun 2023.” Journal Of Community Dedication 4, no. 4 (2025): 95–105.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v1i2.36031

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Erikson Sihotang, Teng Berlianty, Riad Al Aljani

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Editorial Office of Jambura Law Review:
2nd Floor Pancasila building, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
Jenderal Sudirman Street No.6, Gorontalo City, Gorontalo Province, 96128, Indonesia
Tel. +62-812-1356-9044;  +62-822-9329-6045  (SMS/WA)

This work is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Powered by  Public Knowledge Project OJS.

 

Jambura Law Rev. has been indexed by:

SCOPUS SCOPUS GS GARUDA
Crossref Base Index Dimension