Formulation and Evaluation of a Chitooligosaccharide Peel-Off Gel Mask for Anti-Acne Activity Against Propionibacterium acnes

Elsa Fitria Apriani; Miksusanti Miksusanti; Vitri Agustiarini; Annisa Amriani; Adik Ahmadi; Maysa Yulianti

doi:10.37311/jsscr.v7i2.33440

Formulation and Evaluation of a Chitooligosaccharide Peel-Off Gel Mask for Anti-Acne Activity Against Propionibacterium acnes

Elsa Fitria Apriani, Miksusanti Miksusanti, Vitri Agustiarini, Annisa Amriani, Adik Ahmadi, Maysa Yulianti

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory skin condition primarily caused by Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), which can lead to physical and psychological effects. Chitooligosaccharide (COS), a chitosan-derived oligosaccharide, possesses antibacterial and film-forming properties, making it a promising candidate for topical anti-acne formulations. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of a COS-based peel-off gel mask against P. acnes. Three formulas were prepared using COS concentrations of 0.25% (F1), 0.5% (F2), and 0.75% (F3). Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, drying time, and stability. Antibacterial activity was assessed using diffusion and dilution methods to determine the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Among the three formulas, F3 demonstrated the most optimal physical properties—clear, homogeneous, pH 6.50 ± 0.10, viscosity 3,595.43 ± 136.55 cps, spreadability 5.00 ± 0.10 cm, adhesiveness 6.60 ± 0.10 s, and drying time 18.30 ± 0.10 min—without any phase separation. F3 also exhibited strong antibacterial activity with a 21.67 ± 1.65 mm inhibition zone, comparable to the positive control (p > 0.05). MIC and MBC values for F3 were determined to be 1250 ppm and 2500 ppm, respectively. These findings suggest that COS at 0.75% concentration is effective in a peel-off gel mask formulation with favorable physical stability and strong antibacterial efficacy against P. acnes, supporting its potential as a natural-based anti-acne treatment.

Keywords

Chitooligosaccharide; Peel-off gel mask; Propionibacterium acnes; Antibacterial activity; MIC; MBC

Full Text:

PDF

References

D. L. Guguluș et al., “The Epidemiology of Acne in the Current Era: Trends and Clinical Implications,” Cosmetics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 106, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12030106

S. Ryu, H. M. Han, P. I. Song, C. A. Armstrong, and Y. Park, “Suppression of propionibacterium acnes infection and the associated inflammatory response by the antimicrobial peptide P5 in Mice,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1–18, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0132619

V. Borrel et al., “Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum-like environment,” Microbiologyopen, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1–10, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.841

K. I. Okuda et al., “The composition and structure of biofilms developed by Propionibacterium acnes isolated from cardiac pacemaker devices,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 9, no. FEB, pp. 1–12, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00182

Y. xia Mei, X. yi Dai, W. Yang, X. wei Xu, and Y. xiang Liang, “Antifungal activity of chitooligosaccharides against the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 77, pp. 330–335, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.042

L. Lillo, J. Alarcón, G. Cabello, C. Céspedes, and C. Caro, “Antibacterial activity of chitooligosaccharides,” Zeitschrift fur Naturforsch. - Sect. C J. Biosci., vol. 63, no. 9–10, pp. 644–648, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-9-1005

S. T. El-Sayed, A. M. Ali, and N. I. Omar, “A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chitooligosaccharides with broad spectrum antibiotics on growth of some pathogenic microorganisms,” Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., vol. 22, no. July, p. 101382, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101382

N. Yin, R. Du, F. Zhao, Y. Han, and Z. Zhou, “Characterization of antibacterial bacterial cellulose composite membranes modified with chitosan or chitooligosaccharide,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 229, no. October 2019, p. 115520, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115520

J. C. Fernandes et al., “Antimicrobial effects of chitosans and chitooligosaccharides, upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, in food model systems,” Food Microbiol., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 922–928, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2008.05.003

J. Li and S. Zhuang, “Antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives and their interaction mechanism with bacteria: Current state and perspectives,” Eur. Polym. J., vol. 138, no. August, p. 109984, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109984

A. O. R. Beringhs, J. M. Rosa, H. K. Stulzer, R. M. Budal, and D. Sonaglio, “Green clay and aloe vera peel-off facial masks: Response surface methodology applied to the formulation design,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 445–455, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-013-9930-8

L. Pratiwi and S. Wahdaningsih, “FORMULASI DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN MASKER WAJAH GEL PEEL OFF EKSTRAK METANOL BUAH PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.),” Jurnal Farmasi Medica, vol. 1, no. 2, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.35799/pmj.1.2.2018.21643

H. O. Akinosho and L. Wicker, “Stability of β-carotene loaded emulsions vary by viscosity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersions,” Lwt, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 582–589, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.02.024

T. Raju, “Design, Formulation and Optimization of Peel-Off Face Mask Gel for the Symptomatic Treatment of Rosacea,” J. Pharm. Res. Sci. Technol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 96–104, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.31531/jprst.1000164

E. F. Apriani, M. Miksusanti, N. Fransiska, E. Fitria, and A. M. Miksusanti, “Formulation And Optimization Peel-Off Gel Mask with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Gelatin Based Using Factorial Design from Banana Peel Flour (Musa paradisiaca L) As Antioxidant," Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 261–268, 2022. Available: https://doi.org/ 10.22146/ijp.3408

M. Miksusanti, E. F. Apriani, and N. Aprida, “Formulation and Optimization Peel-Off Gel Mask with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Whey Protein-Based using Factorial Design from Ethanolic Extract of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia Mangostana) as Antioxidant,” Res. J. Pharm. Technol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 870–878, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00148

M. Mardiyanto, E. F. Apriani, and M. H. Alfarizi, “Formulation and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Gel containing Ethanolic extract of Purple Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Loaded Poly Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid Submicroparticles against Staphylococcus aureus,” Res. J. Pharm. Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 3599–3605, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00603

E. F. Apriani, S. Shiyan, D. Hardestyariki, and M. Febriani, “Factorial Design for the Optimization of Clindamycin HCl-Loaded Ethosome with various concentrations of Phospholipon 90g and Ethanol,” Res. J. Pharm. Technol., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1561–1568, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00255

D. Dianasari, H. Hanifah, and N. Nuri, “Potensi Ekstrak dan Fraksi Buah Maja (Aegle marmelos) sebagai Agen Antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes,” J. Sains dan Kesehat., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 401–406, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v4i4.1290

E. F. Apriani, Y. Rosana, and I. Iskandarsyah, “Formulation, characterization, and in vitro testing of azelaic acid ethosome-based cream against Propionibacterium acnes for the treatment of acne,” J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 75–80, Apr. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_289_18

F. Coreta-Gomes et al., “Contribution of non-ionic interactions on bile salt sequestration by chitooligosaccharides: Potential hypocholesterolemic activity,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 646, no. 1, pp. 775–783, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.056

L. Phil, M. Naveed, I. S. Mohammad, L. Bo, and D. Bin, “Chitooligosaccharide: An evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products,” Biomed. Pharmacother., vol. 102, no. November 2017, pp. 438–451, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.108

T. Anita Zaharah and J. H. Hadari Nawawi, “SINTESIS, KARAKTERISASI DAN APLIKASI KITOSAN DARI CANGKANG UDANG WANGKANG (Penaeus orientalis) SEBAGAI KOAGULAN DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR BAHAN ORGANIK PADA AIR GAMBUT,” vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 52–59, 2016.

J. Luo, H. Yang, and T. Wen, “Experimental investigations on the influence of polymerization degree in polymer-assisted pool boiling enhancement,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 142, p. 106650, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2023.106650

A. B. Al-Odayni et al., “Viscosity, degree of polymerization, water uptake, and water solubility studies on experimental dichloro-bisgma-based dental composites,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 8, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083577

Y. Wu, Y. Huang, Y. Zhou, X. Ren, and F. Yang, “Degradation of chitosan by swirling cavitation,” Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., vol. 23, pp. 188–193, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2014.02.001

S. Liang, Y. Sun, and X. Dai, “A review of the preparation, analysis and biological functions of chitooligosaccharide,” Aug. 01, 2018, MDPI AG. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082197

A. B. Vishu Kumar, M. C. Varadaraj, L. R. Gowda, and R. N. Tharanathan, “Characterization of chito-oligosaccharides prepared by chitosanolysis with the aid of papain and Pronase, and their bactericidal action against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli,” Biochem. J., vol. 391, no. 2, pp. 167–175, 2005. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20050093

P. J. Wibawa et al., “Green synthesized silver nanoparticles immobilized on activated carbon nanoparticles: Antibacterial activity enhancement study and its application on textiles fabrics,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133790

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v7i2.33440

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

EDITORIAL OFFICE OF JOURNAL SYIFA SCIENCES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

Department of Pharmacy, Gorontalo State University

Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No.6, Kota Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo 96128, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]
Google Scholar : JOURNAL SYIFA SCIENCES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research (JSSCR) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Username
Password
Remember me