Microbiological Evaluation of Garlic Extract and SwissADME Profiling of Allicin as an Antimicrobial Candidate

Errol Rakhmad Noordam, Kusno Haryanto, Iin Hardiyati Iin Hardiyati, Anjas Wilapangga, Dian Yudianto, Dede Komarudin, Pristiyantoro Pristiyantoro

Abstract


This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of garlic extract using a rapid ready-to-use plate system (Easy Plate) and to assess the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of allicin through in silico analysis using SwissADME. Microbiological testing was performed on garlic extract samples targeting coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae. The in silico analysis evaluated physicochemical characteristics, solubility, pharmacokinetic properties, and drug-likeness parameters of allicin. The microbiological results showed no detectable bacterial growth in the tested garlic extract samples under the applied conditions. SwissADME analysis indicated that allicin has favorable properties, including compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, balanced lipophilicity, good predicted water solubility, and high gastrointestinal absorption. These findings suggest that garlic extract exhibited acceptable microbiological quality under the present test conditions, while allicin demonstrated promising drug-like characteristics as a bioactive organosulfur compound. However, the microbiological findings should be interpreted cautiously because the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of garlic extract may affect microbial recovery, and the in silico results remain predictive and require further experimental validation.

Keywords


Garlic extract; Allicin; Microbiological quality; Easy Plate; SwissADME

Full Text:

PDF

References


S. B. Bhatwalkar, R. Mondal, S. B. N. Krishna, J. K. Adam, P. Govender, and R. Anupam, “Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum),” Front. Microbiol., vol. 12, pp. 1–20, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077

T. G. Ülger and A. Akoğlu, “Antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Allium vegetables: A systematic review,” Food Health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 83–98, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3153/fh26008

M. Zhang, N. S. Abutaleb, et al., “Rapid determination of antimicrobial susceptibility by stimulated Raman scattering imaging of D2O metabolic incorporation in a single bacterium,” Biophys. J., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–35, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.biorxiv.org/ (preprint/venue link required for an exact landing page; DOI not provided in your citation.)

M. Indira, G. Bhuvaneshwari, L. Premkumar, and P. Neelusree, “Antibacterial activity of the Allium sativum crude extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1297–1304, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.18.2.50

L. M. Cocom, H. C. Wang, K. C. Tseng, and Y. L. Chu, “The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of raw, aged, and fermented garlic: Influence of processing methods,” Food Sci. Nutr., vol. 13, no. 8, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70743

J. W. F. Law, N. S. A. Mutalib, K.-G. Chan, and L.-H. Lee, “Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: Principles, applications, advantages and limitations,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 5, p. 770, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00770

A. Daina, O. Michielin, and V. Zoete, “SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, art. no. 42717, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717

M. T. El-Saadony et al., “Plant bioactive compounds: Extraction, biological activities, immunological, nutritional aspects, food application, and human health benefits—A comprehensive review,” Front. Nutr., 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1659743

A. C. Simpson, T. Suzuki, D. R. Miller, and K. Venkateswaran, “Microbial burden estimation of food items, built environments, and the International Space Station using film media,” Microorganisms, vol. 10, no. 9, art. no. 1714, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091714

C. A. Lipinski, F. Lombardo, B. W. Dominy, and P. J. Feeney, “Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 46, no. 1–3, pp. 3–26, 2001. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00129-0

J. Borlinghaus, F. Albrecht, M. C. H. Gruhlke, I. D. Nwachukwu, and A. J. Slusarenko, “Allicin: Chemistry and biological properties,” Molecules, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 12591–12618, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812591

A. Rabinkov, T. Miron, L. Konstantinovski, M. Wilchek, D. Mirelman, and L. Weiner, “The mode of action of allicin: Trapping of radicals and interaction with thiol containing proteins,” Biochim. Biophys. Acta—Gen. Subj., vol. 1379, no. 2, pp. 233–244, 1998. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(97)00104-9

R. Ancuceanu, B. E. Lascu, D. Drăgănescu, and M. Dinu, “In silico ADME methods used in the evaluation of natural products,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 17, no. 8, art. no. 1002, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081002

G. Xiong et al., “ADMETlab 2.0: An integrated online platform for accurate and comprehensive predictions of ADMET properties,” Nucleic Acids Res., vol. 49, no. W1, pp. W5–W14, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab255

S. Faramarzi, M. T. Kim, D. A. Volpe, K. P. Cross, S. Chakravarti, and L. Stavitskaya, “Development of QSAR models to predict blood–brain barrier permeability,” Front. Pharmacol., vol. 13, pp. 1–13, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1040838

D. Günal-Köroğlu, G. Karabulut, F. Mohammadian, A. C. Karaca, E. Capanoglu, and T. Esatbeyoglu, “Production of yeast cell wall polysaccharides—β-glucan and chitin by using food waste substrates: Biosynthesis, production, extraction, and purification methods,” Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1–27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.70161

U. Noll, M. Schreiber, M. Hermanns, C. A. Mertes, A. J. Slusarenko, and M. C. H. Gruhlke, “Mode of action of the natural product allicin in a plant model: Influence on the cytoskeleton and subsequent shift in auxin localization,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 22, art. no. 11470, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211470

S. Ekins, J. Mestres, and B. Testa, “In silico pharmacology for drug discovery: Methods for virtual ligand screening and profiling,” Br. J. Pharmacol., vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 9–20, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707305




DOI: https://doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v6i2.37287

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Errol Rakhmad Noordam,Kusno Haryanto, Iin Hardiyati, Anjas Wilapangga, Dian Yudianto, Dede Komarudin, Pristiyantoro

Creative Commons License
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.