Flipchart-Based Education Improves Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Resistance Knowledge Among Rural Elementary Students: A Pre-Experimental Study

I Gusti Ayu Rai Widowati, Ida Ayu Manik Partha Sutema, Ni Komang Semara Yanti, I Wayan Agus Gede Manik Saputra, Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti

Abstract


Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major public health challenge, driven in part by inappropriate antibiotic use and limited public understanding of antibiotics and AMR. Early educational interventions for school-aged children may offer a sustainable approach to strengthening antibiotic literacy and promoting responsible health behaviors. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a flipchart-based educational intervention in improving elementary school students’ knowledge of antibiotics and understanding of AMR in a rural area of Bali, Indonesia. A pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted among 76 students using a validated questionnaire covering basic antibiotic concepts, AMR mechanisms, and prevention strategies. The proportion of students categorized as having high knowledge increased from 19.7% (95% CI: 11.8–27.8) before the intervention to 63.8% (95% CI: 53.9–75.3) after the intervention, while the proportion with low knowledge decreased from 21.1% to 10.5%. Mean knowledge scores increased significantly from 58.82 ± 16.57 to 75.13 ± 18.00, with a mean difference of +16.32 (95% CI: 12.55–20.08; p < 0.001). The intervention also demonstrated a large practical effect (Cohen’s d = 0.99). These findings indicate that flipchart-based education can effectively improve antibiotic knowledge and AMR understanding among rural elementary school students and may serve as a promising school-based health education approach to support early antibiotic literacy.

Keywords


Antimicrobial resistance; Antibiotic literacy; Health education; Flipchart-based education; School-based health intervention

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v6i1.37454

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