Development of Interactive Learning Materials Based on Augmented Reality and Flipbook for Lithosphere Content at SMA Negeri 5 Gorontalo

Abstract

The abstract representation of lithospheric processes in conventional textbooks can limit students’ opportunities to examine rock characteristics, rock types, and the rock cycle through three-dimensional visualization. This study aimed to develop interactive teaching materials integrating Augmented Reality (AR) and a digital flipbook for Grade X students at SMA Negeri 5 Gorontalo, Indonesia. A research and development approach was employed using the ADDIE model, comprising analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation to identify learning needs and guide product development. The resulting material integrates structured content, illustrations, videos, interactive navigation, and AR markers linked to three-dimensional rock models, with the flipbook serving as the primary content platform and AR providing supplementary spatial visualization. Material validation identified several aspects requiring refinement, including the correspondence between illustrations and scientific explanations, conceptual accuracy, alignment with learning objectives, terminological consistency, and language accuracy. These findings informed revisions to the visual and textual components before further assessment and student trials. The resulting product offers an integrated digital learning resource that combines textual explanations with three-dimensional representations of geological objects. This development provides an alternative for presenting lithosphere content that requires concrete visual representation, while its instructional effectiveness and contribution to students’ conceptual understanding warrant further empirical evaluation.